Un-Answered Problems With Online Research Paper Writercustom Written Research Paper Exposed

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Biochemical Techniques for the Extraction of Escherichia...

Modern biochemical study and analysis of nucleic acids have been heavily dominated by electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction techniques, as the former allows for relatively inexpensive and accessible resolution and visualization of nucleic acids according to basic chemical properties such as molecular charge and weight, and the latter quickly increases the concentration of nucleic acids, normally found in cells in minute amounts, to a level easily analyzed by modern biochemical techniques. These two techniques are therefore currently indispensable in dealing with nucleic acids on a practical level, and are tools which should be present in every biologist’s kit. This study therefore attempts to elucidate the theoretical and†¦show more content†¦While ample plant and animal samples can be easily obtained, for bacterial samples such as E. coli, they must be propagated first in culture in order to obtain the necessary amount of cells needed for the DNA extraction p rocess. The extraction and purification of genomic DNA is essential as purified DNA serves as the starting point for the amplification of a gene within the DNA via the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). First and foremost, cell lysis or cell disruption must be done to release the cell contents to expose the DNA within the organism, detergents, basic or high salt solutions will then be used for DNA purification by dissociating other biomolecules such as proteins and lipids. DNA will finally be isolated through the use of organic reagents and centrifugation to facilitate collection of the precipitated DNA. Prior to the experiment, materials to be used were sterilized to prevent contamination, which may later on affect the results as contaminants may react with the solutions to be used for the later procedures or even damage the DNA samples. Autoclaving or the use of pressurized steam was utilized to sterilize the materials as exposure to high temperatures normally causes damage to cytoplasmic membranes, breakdown of ribosomes, irreversible enzyme denaturation and DNA strand breakage of bacterial contaminants. Due to the ability of nucleic acids to store genetic information which will later on encode for necessary proteins, it is important to extractShow MoreRelatedA summary analysis of the article â€Å"Microarray detection of food-borne pathogens using specific probes prepared by comparative genomics.†1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most common food-borne pathogens that maybe seen in the United States are Norvovirus (58%), Clostridium perfringens (10%), Salmonella (11%), Campylobacter spp. (9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (3%). Among the other 9% (not published) include Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella spp., Bacillus spp., and other opportunistic pathogens (Prasad Vidyarthi, 2009). Therefore, accurate and timely detection and identification of food-borne pathogens is crucial for the prevention of food-borne epidemics and

Differences between Japan and American free essay sample

With the development of globalization, the commercial activities between East and West has become one of the major lifeline almost dominated the world economy. Its representation can be attributed to the Japanese and U. S. economic and trade. As is well known, the United States is the superpower of the world, not only in military but also in economic. Japan is a small country, while considering the contribution to the world economic Japan still is a big country. So trade exchanges and business negotiations between these two countries is a systematic project because of different national culture, beliefs, values and norms. All of these differences may lead to some unpredictable issues in commercial activities if both side do not clearly know the difference. Japan is a typical oriental culture nurtured the country, while the United States is a combination of Western civilization itself nurtured the development of the United States set their own unique culture. These two contradictory business negotiations and cultural differences between countries and thus caused inconvenience to bring the negotiation process was affecting each other. Therefore, this progress report is going to discuss the differences between Japan and American, and try to give some suggested recommendations aimed to solve the problems in commercial activates. 2. Differences between Japan and American 2. 1 national culture difference As is known, Japan is an island country, ancient time was influenced by Chinese Confucian thought, formed a national unique isolation from outside environment. In the face of external human isolation, a self-defence will become more and more obvious and sensitive. It is in this case that they need to use a polite but not offend traditional methods of others to communicate with people. However, American history, it was only a few hundred years, but as one of the worlds largest nation of immigrants, including the formation of the cultural history of the United States can be traced to the history of the West. The original owner or the United States is the ruler over the Westerners from Europe. Facing of such a huge development space, they form a rich cultural patterns of young passion. These two different national culture were caused by history issues and may remain for a long period in the future. The emergence of conflicts is inevitable, and reverse this way of thinking is also unavoidable in different culture come together. The difference will be introduced in detail in the final report. 2. 2 communication and negotiation style differences These two countries have totally reverse styles in communication and commercial negotiation. To begin with, American businessmen are free to negotiate the rapid negotiation outcome. They do not pay attention to position, title and etiquette, the negotiation process does not focus on body language and posture, quickly cut to the chase. On the contrary, the Japanese negotiations nature is a very long time. They like to invite guests to drink tea several times before entering the topic. So that they can understand each others ins and outs, like jobs, interests, background and so on. Japanese businessmen are typical Asian style, they are more cautious than people in other countries, strong, patient, confident, motivated and active. They do not easily show their attitude during the negotiations. Americans like to use humour in the negotiation process, but the Japanese are polite and courteous. When they disagree, Japanese always keep silence and smile. Even the other party has lost his temper, Japanese still keep smiling. In the eyes of Westerners, this is rude, and even contempt for himself, and Japanese is just trying to show the gentleman. All of these communication differences will be associated with specific examples in final report. 2. 3 differences in Business Etiquette Business etiquette is an important aspects in commercial activities, and Japan has a different etiquette compared with American. To begin with, Americans often is nodded smiling, polite to say hello on the line, even at the first sight, not necessarily shake hands; and whether they are young or old, people often call them by their names. However, Japanese usually meet will greet each other, bowing, 15 degrees is the general etiquette, and 30 degrees for the common courtesy, 45 degrees is the most respected etiquette. If it is an acquaintance or friend, can take the initiative to shake hands or hug. Meet for the first time to do a 90 degree bow, mens hands hanging down with legs bowed, lady left hand pressure in the right hand on the lower abdomen before the bow, parallel read ‘the first meeting, please’. At the same time, the Japanese name and title is also very important, they like to call each other title without name. Secondly, changing business card is a significant process in commercial negotiation. Also, differences will occur during this process. Americans usually dont give each other cards, unless you want to keep in touch with each other. On the contrary, send business cards in Japan is very popular and common thing. Japanese businessmen meeting for the first time when the exchange of business cards. Usually, the young man or low status people will take the initiative to submit a business card to people of high status than their older or watching each other with respect of the eyes. But if both sides are not prepared card, they will take the initiative to the other simple self-introduction. Thus the differences in business etiquette are significant in commercial activities. 3. Suggested recommendations The way to solve the differences is to respect each others way of thinking and cultural impacts. Try to use each others way of thinking to explore the issue and the parties concerned to solve the problem involved in business negotiations. For instance, when Japanese communicate to Americans in the project, they ran out into the theme of the book directly, without veiled expression of his intention; In contrast, Americans in the project is the first book on the Japanese greeting his speech, and then slowly brewing an atmosphere, and finally the expression was suddenly intent. Thus, the both parties involved and had a smooth negotiation. Unpleasant thinking upside down on their cultural influence would not be produced, the contradiction between the two sides will eliminate or unpleasant. Good atmosphere will form a business negotiation, respect for each other will form a cooperative atmosphere. Secondly, Americans personality exposed, passionate, they believe that mutual tolerance in order to break the deadlock, willing to make concessions in the negotiations, the negotiations proceed smoothly. Americans pay attention to efficiency, shorten the negotiation time. In the process of negotiation to negotiation, they like a fact and a fact, one question after another discussion, finally complete the entire agreement. Thirdly, negotiations with the Americans coping skills. With American negotiations should have enthusiasm, confidence, to create a good atmosphere of negotiations, win. Negotiations with the Americans, the characteristics of attention should be paid to Americans rich for a supply of sth. and interested in package transactions, active use of the other forces to promote cooperation, a wide range of global balance, a package deal. At the same time, negotiations with the Americans must be punctual, efficient service to. 4. Conclusion When two very different cultural patterns that appear in the same place when the inevitable conflicts arise there. But in order to make way both to have survived a virtuous cycle, which means a win-win model, and thus will not be swallowed up or assimilated. Then you need both sides to respect each others culture conscious, respect each others thinking. On this basis, and learn each others essence, to its dregs, they belong to the cultural progress of sublimation. Upside of thinking certainly desirable, but it is also a historical period in ways that are bound to exist. In order to improve this negative cycle of communication, is that both sides need the efforts of the two sides can come up with is reversed brave enough to deal with, so will understand each others true intentions, mutual respect and harmonious development will be more exchanges with cooperation. All in all, the difference is there and what we need to do in commercial activities is to find it, realise it, and try to overcome it. Reference

Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example Essay Example

Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example Paper Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Introduction Heather Evans Mr. PhillipsEnglish 10211/25/2010 | | Why the Drinking Age Should Not be Lowered. | | According to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, â€Å"Increasing the age at which people can legally purchase and drink alcohol has been the most successful intervention to date in reducing drinking and alcohol-related crashes among people under the age of 21. †(Nakaya) Among teens and young adults, alcohol is the drug of choice. Many are not aware that they are harming their bodies when drinking. Teens may come intoxicated and make harmful decisions that they would not normally make when not under the influence. Many young people are experiencing the consequences of drinking too much, at too early an age. As a result, underage drinking is a leading public health problem in this country (Ojeda). According to the Department of Health and Human Services, approximately 5,000 young people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking. Some are crash relate d, homicide, suicide, and other injuries such as falls, burns, and drownings. When President Ronald Reagan signed this law on July 17, 1984 at the White House Rose Garden ceremony, he said, â€Å"We know that people in the 18-to-20 age group are more likely to be in alcohol-related accidents than those in any other age group. We know that America has a clear stake in making certain that her sons and daughters, so full of vitality and promise, will not be crippled or killed. Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Body Paragraphs And we all know that there is one simple measure that will save thousands of young lives if we raise the drinking age to 21†(Hamilton). Teens are starting to drink earlier each year. In 1965, the average drinking age was around 17 1/2. In 2003, the average drinking age was around 14. By lowering the age to drink, people are giving teens and young adults permission to harm themselves and possibly harm others. The brain keeps developing in to the twenties so if teens drink at the age of 18 or younger they are not allowing the brain to function correctly. Auriana Ojeda states that â€Å"Differences between the adult brain and the brain of the maturing adolescent also may help to explain why many young drinkers are able to consume much larger amounts of alcohol than adults before experiencing the negative consequences of drinking, such as drowsiness, lack of coordination, and withdrawal/hangover effects. This unusual tolerance may help to explain the high rates of binge drinking a mong young adults. At the same time, adolescents appear to be particularly sensitive to the positive effects of drinking, such as feeling more at ease in social situations, and young people may drink more than adults because of these positive social experiences. † Young people that start using alcohol at an early age are more prone to use alcohol when they are older. This may also result in binge drinking and alcoholism. Why do some teens and young adults drink? No one really knows the answer to that but it has become clear that some do it because of peer pressure. A teen goes to a party and sees that all of their friends are drinking, so he or she decides that they want to fit in and follow what their friends are doing. This also leads to other drug usage. Peer pressure is one of the main sources of underage drinking. Another reason teens may drink is that they may see their parents drinking and see that it may be fun. Drinking is not always fun. Some adults know how to act w hen they drink and are responsible enough to know when to stop. They also might call someone to come get them when they have been drinking. Teens may not call someone. They see that it will be â€Å"cool† if they drink and drive not realizing the risks of it. Also adults that drink more may have children who favor drinking and will drink a lot. Radio, television, and the internet also have a big part on teenage drinking. Young adults see movies and TV shows that promote underage drinking and it makes drinking seem fun and not risky. They do not realize that it is just television and some of the things that are done are done by professionals and stunt people. And normally they are not drinking in the shows. Just making it seem like it. The media uses this to their advantage. The alcohol companies pay the media to do commercials and the media pay the companies to use their product in shows and movies. Alcohol commercials are now made to where they make the alcohol desirable to young people so they can sell more. Stores that provide alcohol are accepting to these commercials because it allows them to make more money. It does not matter to them if the adult gives the alcohol to young teens. As long as the teen does not buy it they do not care. Raising the price of alcohol may also help out underage drinking. Ojeda also states in his research that teens also do not see the health risks that they are putting themselves in. They are more prone to liver damage, obesity, and other major health issues. Studies show that with teens that are overweight or obese, they have elevated liver enzymes even with only moderate drinking. Teens that are going through or about to go through puberty also show the upset of the critical hormonal balance necessary for normal development of organs, muscles, and bones. Ojeda) Studies in animals show that drinking during puberty also has an effect on the reproductive system. Other risky behaviors may include unplanned sexual activity . This may result in an unplanned pregnancy or forms of STD. Teens are more hormonal and with the influence of alcohol they may make decisions that will affect the rest of their life. They may also develop an alcohol use disorder. Young people who drink heavily are also more prone to drinking heavily as adults which may cause health issues as they get older. Having the drinking age set to 21 years of age has been a proven success. An estimated 20,000 lives have been saved due to the law. (Hamilton) Since President Reagan established the law, the fatal accidents involved with drunk driving or young people that have been drinking and were in an accident, has been cut in half. That does not even include the number of injuries that have been reduced by the law. The â€Å"21† law is very effective. It does not stop teens from drinking but it does stop them from being able to buy the alcohol. Removing the law would help the companies and the stores that sell alcohol, but it will al so make the number of deaths rise and the number of young adults that drink heavily rise as well. If people remove the â€Å"21† law they might as well let drugs be legal. Alcohol is just a drug for young teens to experience. Other consequences of underage drinking include death from alcohol poisoning, academic problems, various social problems, and physical problems such as medical illnesses. (Nakaya) Teens that consume alcohol on a daily basis or quite often experience changes in school and other things that they normally would do. Underage drinking may result in teens losing friendships over it, failing grades, and also becoming ill more often in a result of their immune system not fully in order. Teens may feel like they are not accepted in society so they drink more to help them with the emptiness. They may start to think that their parents are always yelling or getting on to them or they are always in trouble because they are in a state of mind where they cannot functio n without the alcohol. Once they consume some, teens are back to the normal state of mind in their eyes and can function. Because of this teens are getting addicted and become very dependent on alcohol. If they do not get their alcohol they go into a depression and start having withdraws. At this time they should realize what they are doing to their bodies but some do not and they continue to drink and harm themselves. College students may also be more affected by alcohol because teens see that college is just one big party. Teens that are just enrolling in college are trying to fit in. They go to parties and drink heavily. They then become intoxicated and are more accepting to do dumb things. A college student is new to the environment and does not know how to act. Some students are focused on school and do not go to parties and if they do they do not drink. The students that do drink feel that they are accepted in the society of college and may think it is the right path for them. They become overwhelmed and most do not finish out the degree program. Some realize what they are doing and stop drinking and become more academically focused and succeed in getting their degree. As you can see there are many reasons on why the drinking age should not be lowered. I feel that people between the ages of 18 – 21 are not fully aware of all the risks and may have alcohol as a crutch. Teens need to focus on school and doing something with their life. There are too many people in the world that have let alcohol consume them and have not done anything with they have wanted. Works Cited: Hamilton, Wendy J. â€Å"Age-Twenty-One Drinking Laws Protect Youth. † Alcohol. Ed. Andrea C. Nakaya. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Opposing Viewpoints. Nakaya, Andrea C. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. â€Å"Underage Drinking Is a Serious Problem. † Alcohol. Ed. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Nelson, David E. â€Å"The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lo wered. † Teen Drug Abuse. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Opposing Viewpoints. Ojeda, Audriana. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. â€Å"The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered. † Teens at Risk. Ed. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2009. We will write a custom essay sample on Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Debate on Insane in Prison essays

Debate on Insane in Prison essays According to the Washington Post in December of 2001, The number of people with serious mental illness in Americas jails and prisons today is five times greater than the number in state mental hospitals. Prisons, as an observer, of similar trends in Australia have noted, the new asylums of the 21st century. The criminalization of the mentally ill is inhumane. It is also emotionally and financially costly, and a testament to government failures at all levels." Less and less treatment is given to inmates of whom are in need while each year, the cost to house, feed, and clothe these inmates goes up in the mal-funded institutions due to the lack of funding and care at federal, state, and local levels. With the lack of funding, treatment, staffing, and care at all governmental levels my partner and I stand resolved that the United States federal government should substantially increase public health services for mental health in the United States. United States: The 48 contiguous states, Hawaii, and Alaska. Federal Government: The United States ruling body based in Washington D.C Substantially increase: To enlarge to a great extent or expand the amount of Public health: The science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community, as by preventive medicine, health education, control of communicable diseases, providing psychological treatment, application of sanitary measures, and monitoring of environmental hazards. Mental health: A state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society, and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life. Prison: A place or condition of confinement or forcible restraint According to Sibulkin Kiesler of the center for Mental Health Services, since 1950, the number of psychiatric hospital patients has declined from 592,853 to 71,619 in 1994. In ...

Auroch Prehistoric Mammal Facts and Figures

Auroch Prehistoric Mammal Facts and Figures Name: Auroch (German for original ox); pronounced OR-ock Habitat: Plains of Eurasia and northern Africa Historical Epoch: Pleistocene-Modern (2 million-500 years ago) Size and Weight: About six feet high and one ton Diet: Grass Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; prominent horns; larger males than females About the Auroch Sometimes it seems that every contemporary animal had a plus-sized megafauna ancestor during the Pleistocene epoch. A good example is the Auroch, which was pretty much identical to modern oxen with the exception of its size: this dino-cow weighed about a ton, and one imagines that the males of the species were significantly more aggressive than modern bulls. (Technically, the Auroch is classified as Bos primigenius, placing it under the same genus umbrella as modern cattle, to which its directly ancestral.) The Auroch is one of the few prehistoric animals to be commemorated in ancient cave paintings, including a famous drawing from Lascaux in France dating to about 17,000 years ago. As you might expect, this mighty beast figured on the dinner menu of early humans, who played a large part in driving the Auroch into extinction (when they werent domesticating it, thus creating the line that led to modern cows). However, small, dwindling populations of Aurochs survived well into modern times, the last known individual dying in 1627. One little-known fact about the Auroch is that it actually comprised three separate subspecies. The most famous, Bos primigenius primigenius, was native to Eurasia, and is the animal depicted in the Lascaux cave paintings. The Indian Auroch, Bos primigenius namadicus, was domesticated a few thousand years ago into what are now known as Zebu cattle, and the North African Auroch (Bos primigenius africanus) is the most obscure of the three, likely descended from a population native to the Middle East. One historical description of the Auroch was written by, of all people, Julius Caesar, in his History of the Gallic War: These are a little below the elephant in size, and of the appearance, color, and shape of a bull. Their strength and speed are extraordinary; they spare neither man nor wild beast which they have espied. These the Germans take with much pains in pits and kill them. The young men harden themselves with this exercise and practice themselves in this sort of hunting, and those who have slain the greatest number of them, having produced the horns in public, to serve as evidence, receive great praise. Back in the 1920s, a pair of German zoo directors hatched a scheme to resurrect the Auroch via the selective breeding of modern cattle (which share virtually the same genetic material as Bos primigenius, albeit with some important traits suppressed). The result was a breed of oversized oxen known as Heck cattle, which, if not technically Aurochs, at least provide a clue to what these ancient beasts must have looked like. Still, hopes for the resurrection of the Auroch persist, via a proposed process called de-extinction.

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

History - Assignment Example Preparation of United States was scornfully insufficient for the warfare. Disasters occurred at the part of America as the force leaded by General William Hull had to surrender to the Canadian force headed by Isaac Brock. Then again the American Army showed good performance on the seas. Constitution achieved victory over Guerrià ¨re and Macedonian was taken over by America and these two are considered the most glorious achievements of the warfare although in 1813 the British supremacy was established on the sea war. In 1813, September, America got the victory at Lake Erie and it paved the path of advancements of United States against the rivals. During the initial months of the year 1814 the economical condition and the supply of resources suffered decline which made the prospects gloomy for America. New England took a hostile approach and Napoleon came back to Europe which helped Britain to invest more power in the ongoing war. In 1814, September, the British fleet was conquered ne ar Plattsburgh. In the month of August the British army made an expedition to the Chesapeake Bay and won at Bladensburg. They burnt the White house and the capitol city Washington. But the victory of Britain was stopped at Fort McHenry near Baltimore. The force of Jackson moved towards New Orleans in Louisiana in the month of November, 1814. Within the period of December 1814 to January 1815, the city was defended from the huge British force headed by â€Å"Major-General Sir Edward Pakenham†. After the â€Å"Treaty of Ghent† the british army stopped further attacks on New orleans. According to Madison US was very much capable of defending themselves and also to capture a large share of Canada at the time of Napoleon’s defeat. Canadian colonies did not have much force from the British. The problems of the Northwestern Frontier were resolved temporarily by the â€Å"Jay Treaty†

College is worthy or not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

College is worthy or not - Essay Example Education is costly and the cost of education has been rising against an almost constant after college salary. Rationally, evading unnecessary education should reduce cost and hence increase social wellbeing of citizens and it’s on these basis that critics of college education base their argument. The increasing demand for education is responsible for the increase in cost and it’s expected that wages reduce as more people enter the job market. Factually, increase in population is responsible for influx in demand for college education and hence so long as population rises, rising college fees is inevitable and reduced wages due out excess labor output could also pop up. However, as pay offs to college graduates stagnate, rewards to high school diploma holders reduce hence widening the gap between the two (TIME). The implication is that, employers still attach more value to college education regardless of the degree taken. Research shows that college graduates earn more t han their counterparts (Economist), moreover, those who do not have a college degree believe that they have less (Piew). Therefore, the only constraint to college education is the ever rising cost. Not going to college does not solve the problem as it reduces productivity and hence reducing the expected returns to capital, making all investments not viable. Mr. Thiel creates a controversy in the importance of education by offering an alternative to college education and then again criticizing the viability of the alternative (Piew). Thiel himself, developed his business idea while still in college, a proof that attending college does not restrain the individual to job market and hence lead only to the middle class as most people think. Under capitalism, the rich are few, but among the rich college graduates are richer than their high school counterparts. Thiel produces capital

Philosophies & Democracy Essay Example for Free

Philosophies Democracy Essay Democracy and capitalism gave way to concentration of wealth amongst a small group of people. Private entrepreneurship got a boost due to capitalism. Given this scenario, many private entrepreneurs rose to build their industrial empires. There are many examples, where, the starting point of a given business was zero, and it rose to become a leading international business house. Increase in business, resulted in exaggerated accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few, and that was the time, when these new class of rich entrepreneurs, gave a thought to the society, in which they have been operating, and which has supported their enterprise in its rise. Carnegie Melon, at the beginning of industrial revolution, and Bill Gates, at the end of the twentieth century, are two solid examples of business rise from zero to international giants. Both of them, spent their full life, in amassing wealth, and as they grew, they started framing corporate philosophies, which put society at the focus of their activities. While they applied the rule of ‘everything is fair in business’, they turned towards society at the fag end of their lives. Corporate philosophies, by and large have nothing new to say, except that they work for the society, and they care for their customers. All corporate philosophies are concentrated around these central themes, in different words and sentences. Often, it is proved that corporate philosophies are not as sweet as they sound. When it comes to business, these philosophies are sacrificed, partially or fully. Was only genuine software skill responsible for the stupendous rise of Bill Gates and Microsoft? Of course no. There is in fact, considerable shrewdness going into the rise of Microsoft. In fact, corporate houses, as they grow, turn their attention towards betterment of society, in one or the other way. There are numerous examples to prove this, in the time gap between Carnegie Melon and Bill Gates. However, they are targeted at multiplication of business. An average American fully understands the implications of these corporate philosophies, and their implied meanings. For example, when cyber attacks started assuming alarming proportions, Bill Gates ordered a change in their corporate philosophy. It implied change in the approach of all software development. Now, instead of adding new features to the software, the focus was to be laid on protection of the software, because, Bill Gates argued, â€Å"In the past, weve made our software and services more compelling for users by adding new features and functionality, and by making our platform richly extensible . . . but all those great features wont matter unless customers trust our software, wrote Gates. So now, when we face a choice between adding features and resolving security issues, we need to choose security. ( Trustworthy computing, para 2) â€Å"Some of Microsoft’s perennial critics claim the initiative is long overdue, and question whether or not Microsoft will follow through on its promises, as the company could be forced to bear a reduction in the number of new features in its programs and significant new product delays. Some go further in arguing that such a massive security initiative cannot be undertaken without subjecting the Windows operating system source code to public domain — something the company has fought hard to avoid†. Writes an observer, in his opinion. ( Trustworthy computing, Para 4) What is true of Microsoft , is perhaps true of other companies also. An average American is well aware of the status of the company, and its capacity to deliver the promised goods, and is also right in judging the ethical behavior of a company. Conclusively it can be said that despite the tall claims made by the corporate philosophies, the average American of the ins and outs of that firm. References: 1) Trustworthy computing, Security and privacy deemed Microsoft’s top priorities, retrieved on 5 May 2009 from : http://www. cfif. org/htdocs/freedomline/current/in_our_opinion/fl_trustworthy_computing. htm

American Post-War Occupation of Japan Essay -- Economics Economy Essay

American Post-War Occupation of Japan The intent of the United States’ occupation of Japan was to neutralize the threat of another war, to nourish the Japanese economy back to health, and to provide a stable democratic government for the defeated nation. With General Douglas MacArthur acting as the supreme commander in charge of the occupation, Japan changed drastically. Special attention was paid to the areas of military, economy, and government. The effects of the United States’ occupation of Japan were profound almost beyond reckoning, and have had enormous impacts on modern Japanese society as well as on almost every other society in the modern world and throughout the course of history. The original occupation plan, conceived by President Roosevelt, was to split Japan into four quadrants. The United States, Great Britain, the USSR, and China would have each controlled a section. Upon his death, however, President Roosevelt’s plan also died. In its stead was placed a new plan, which called for a one hundred percent American operation. America had insufficient manpower to make a military government of Japan possible; so, it was decided that they would act through the existing Japanese government. America’s top priority following the initial occupation in 1945 was the complete demilitarization of the Japanese imperial forces. This was actually the quickest phase of the occupation. Beginning immediately after the occupation, complete demilitarization was reported as being complete by October 15, 1945. In his report dated the same day, General MacArthur said the following: â€Å"Today the Japanese armed forces throughout Japan completed their demobilization and ceased to exist as such. These forces are now completely abolished. I know of no demobilization in history, either in war or peace, by our own or any other country, that has been accomplished so rapidly or so frictionlessly. Everything military, naval or air is forbidden to Japan† (Headquarters 1) The United States disarmed Japan to guarantee its war objective: That Japan never again become a threat to the United States. As one considers how this affected the state of affairs in postwar Asia, however, it could be viewed as a significant mistake. Due to the American fear of the spread of communism, Japan was allowed a limited standing force, beginning in 1953, for defending their homeland. In ... ...y went into effect in April 1952, officially terminating the United States occupation and restoring full independence, plus government and economic stability, to Japan. What is extraordinary in the occupation and its aftermath was the insignificance of the unpleasant compared to the huge social, economic, and political gains for Japan. The nobility of the American ideals and their non-violent presence assuaged much of the bitterness of the Japanese defeat, which gave the Americans room to promote peace and democracy. Consequently, the occupation served to firmly plant a substantial capital of good will, on which both America and Japan would both draw in years to come. Bibliography: Dower, John. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999 Schaller, Michael. The American Occupation of Japan. Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1985 General Headquarters. Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and U.S. Army Forces. Pacific. Summary of the Month of October 1945. War Department Record Branch, A.G.O., The Adjutant general’s Office, 15 October 1945. Sheldon, Walt. The Honorable Conquerors. New York: The Macmillan Company., 1965

Akron Children’s Hospital Essay

1. Akron Children’s Hospital Marketing Director Aaron Powell felt it was important to conduct this study because Akron Children’s Hospital’s marketing director Aaron Powell thought that it was important to conduct this study, because other competitive hospitals in the area had hired marketing directors similar to himself, and were consequently intensifying their marketing campaigns in the area, which created an urgency for Akron Children’s Hospital to intensify its marketing efforts in order to remain competitive. 2. The main purpose of Akron Children’s Hospital study was? The main purpose of the Akron Children’s Hospital study was to ascertain the best positioning for this hospital for the upcoming communications campaign, which was intended to increase the number of patients for the hospital by approximately 10% in the next fiscal year. By properly positioning this hospital for the upcoming communications campaign, the marketing director would exponentially increase the probability of this hospital increasing its patient cases by at least the 10% desired. 3. The key questions the Akron Children’s Hospital employees is the case are â€Å"What paths can they pursue?† The key questions that Akron Hospital employees addressed in this case are whether to proceed with plan A,B,C, or D, and would this effort be a worthwhile investment of financial resources? 4. The methods used by Powell and his team to answer the marketing research problem were? The methods used by Powell and his research team to answer the marketing research questions,  were to conduct four focus groups in which participants would discuss their experiences with the hospital, conducting a field survey in order to follow up on the issues that were identified in the focus groups, to ascertain the positioning preference of the focus group respondents, to statistically determine that preference among the positioning alternatives, or to conduct no research and brainstorm if found feasible. 5. The most important understanding about Arkon Children’s Hospital as an organization that led the firm to consider the research about its positioning was The most important understanding about Akron Children’s Hospital as an organization that led the firm to consider the research about its positioning was that this hospital was basically about the kids, and that everything about this hospital should emphasize the kids. In addition, there were rival hospitals that were engaging in aggressive marketing campaigns that threatened the economic and financial security of this hospital as a business institution. An increase in the marketing campaigns in these hospitals could reduce the number of patient cases at Akron Children’s Hospital. 6. The research design decision can be put into context by The research design can be put into context as qualitative focus group centered research, that also contained elements of quantitative research methodologies, due to the inclusion of statistical subject matter. 7. The main inferences/conclusions in this case are The main conclusions of this case are that the effective positioning of an institution will require a number of planning options, with focus group research being among those options. There must be a concerted effort by all team members to focus on the primary objective to be achieved, the cost-benefit analysis is absolutely essential in advising staff members of the efficacy of an investment, and effective marketing is absolutely essential. 8. If we take this line of reasoning seriously, the implications for many other firms are If this reasoning is applied to other firms, those firms would probably be highly successful in improving their positioning within a given industry, and the application of the marketing strategies that were used in this scenario would also be highly beneficial. The development of a list of alternative plans, as well as a methodology by which to analyze the results of those plans and focus group research, would be viable for any firm to use.

On the Subway Essay

The poem â€Å"On the Subway† by Sharon Olds is a free-verse poem about a white woman and a young black man who find themselves alone with each other on the subway, facing each other from the opposite sides of the car. As they observe each other, the woman relates her thoughts about the situation, which reflect the fear and tension of living an urban life. The fact that the young man before her is black is of particular significance to her. She reflects on the general predicament of blacks, and emphasizes the inequality between her and the young man. Most of the poem’s intended message, expressed from a socially-aware perspective, is explicitly stated; although Olds uses symbolism and figurative language, even a literal take on the poem will deliver much of her intended meaning. Virtually everyone who reads the poem will be familiar with the issues it takes up, so the poem does not inform, but reminds the reader of the woeful imbalance of power and privilege in society. It is only through the poem’s title that the reader knows the setting and contextualizes the poem’s body; even before body of the poem is read, the title is able to set the tone to some degree: the subway is a dark and lonely place, where people are squeezed together but remain cold and uninterested in each other. The woman finds herself alone on the car with a young black man with the â€Å"casual cold look of a mugger,† as she puts it. She also mentions that she wears â€Å"†¦dark fur, the / whole skin of an animal taken and / used†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (11-1), which prefigures her coming discussion of the propensity of her â€Å"kind,† which is the white race, for taking advantage and stealing the rights of others. This brings her to a consideration of the boy’s possible behavior towards her, making her contemplate the possibility that the boy would choose to take his vengeance on this member of his white oppressors. The speaker’s thoughts revolve around the imbalance of power in the car, and she contrasts it with the imbalance of power in society in general. The narrative is communicated from a socially-aware perspective. She speaks of â€Å"†¦eating the steak / he does not eat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (19-20) of â€Å"†¦how easy this / white skin makes my life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (27-28), where â€Å"†¦without meaning or / trying to I must profit from his darkness† (22-23). She is here speaking of the prevalent racial inequality that is still very much a part of social reality. The narrator is the more â€Å"privileged† side of this temporary dichotomy, although the distribution of privilege becomes obscure in the brief period of time that they share the small space on the car, isolated from the rest of civilization: â€Å"I didn’t know / if I am in his power† (14-15), â€Å"†¦or if he is in my power† (18). The two observe each other quietly, without interacting. In this tense situation, she observes how weak she is, and how the young man is physically superior to her. She is â€Å"†¦wearing dark fur†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (11), and she points out that â€Å"he could take my coat so easily, my / briefcase, my life† (16-17). She observes â€Å"†¦how easy this / white skin makes my life, this / life he could take so easily†¦ † (27-29). She is aware that, without the protection of society, she could easily become the oppressed, and he the oppressor. By juxtaposing her concrete physical powerlessness compared to the boy with what she believes is the general powerlessness of blacks and the weakness of the black identity in the white-dominated world, she creates a striking pseudo-paradox. The speaker contrasts her socially-constructed position of privilege with the boy’s obvious â€Å"privilege† of strength and almost absolute power over the speaker as long as they are in the car. Here the speaker highlights the irony found in the fact that, although she belongs to the more powerful â€Å"race,† she is temporarily powerless before this young member of the less powerful portion of society. There is perhaps something objectionable about the speaker’s attitude towards the young man. She speaks of his â€Å"casual cold look of a mugger† (8), and of his shirt, which is â€Å"red, like the inside of the body / exposed† (10-11), suggesting an association with violence. She immediately associates the young man with urban crime, and gives him too little credit for being a person in his own right, but instead reduces him to a stereotype, to no more than a representative of the suffering and wickedness of his race. She does not blame him or his race, however, but instead blames â€Å"†¦the murderous beams of the / nation’s heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (24-25). Nevertheless, her condescending â€Å"appreciation† of the boy’s predicament is probably as unwelcome as the oppression that she unintentionally â€Å"inflicts† upon him. Granted, the situation discourages any attempt of either passenger at getting insight into the other’s personality, so she cannot get any deeper appreciation of the young man. Olds uses a simple and familiar situation, which is riding on the subway, as a vehicle for her reflections on the perversities of society. It is an extremely familiar worldview that the poem’s narrator expresses, and thus there are no radical ideas. The essence of this poem is nothing that has not been said before by countless others, but the poem stands out because of the juxtaposition of the two kinds of power that she reflects upon as they observe each other. However, to fully appreciate this poem, it must be realized that the speaker is not to be trusted entirely; she does a disservice to the black race by the method of her approach to the matter. She ignores that fact that the young man is a person and instead renders him into an abstract entity. Thus, the poem provokes a two-fold criticism of the white race: their oppressiveness, and their tendency to stereotype the oppressed. The heavy realism and simplicity of the poem effectively delivers its message of condemnation for the perceived oppression of whites by blacks. This message also benefits from the poem’s free-verse form. There is also no explicit pattern and no pretensions in the delivery of the speaker’s thoughts, suggesting the narrative’s unadulterated honesty. Through the poem’s simplicity and directness, what Olds ultimately communicates is an attitude of abstract concern for a concrete individual.

College Recommendation Letter Dos and Donts

College Recommendation Letter Dos and Donts Recommendation letters  provide college  admission committees  with information that may or may not be found in your application, including academic and  work achievements,  character references, and personal details that set you apart from other applicants. Essentially, a recommendation letter is a  personal reference  that explains why the school should recognize you, your achievements, and your character. Good vs. Bad Recommendation Letters A good recommendation letter is a must for any school application. During admissions, most colleges and universities- whether theyre reviewing the applications of undergraduate or graduate students- expect to see at least one, and often two or three, recommendation letters for each applicant. Just as a  good recommendation letter  can be an asset, a  bad recommendation letter  can be a hindrance. Bad letters dont do anything to supplement your application, and they may even make the difference between a well-rounded application and one that doesnt quite stand out among the droves of people who are applying to the same school. Recommendation Letter Dos Here are some dos to keep in mind when securing your recommendation letters: Do choose someone who likes you and knows you well enough to write you a strong recommendation.Do get recommendations from employers, professors, school administrators, and anyone else who is familiar with your work ethic.Do ask for the recommendation in person rather than sending an email (unless this is not possible).Do tell the letter writer why you need the recommendation letter. You dont want to end up with a work reference rather than an academic reference.Do mention specific things that you would like to see included. If you want the letter to focus on your extensive leadership experience, you should say so.Do proofread the letter; you dont want to submit a reference that is riddled with spelling or punctuation errors.  Do send a thank you note afterward. This is a nice, thoughtful, and classy touch and will be remembered by your recommender.Do keep multiple copies of the letter. You may need to use it again in the future, and you dont want to rely on your recommender to kee p a copy. Recommendation Letter Donts There are also some big mistakes you should try to avoid when securing your recommendation letters: Dont wait until the last minute. It takes time for a recommender to craft a strong letter.  Secure letters of recommendation as soon as possible.Dont ask someone to lie; you should aim for a truthful reference.Dont ever forge signatures. Your recommendation letter must be genuine.Dont choose someone only because of their title. Its more important to pick a recommender who knows you and your work well.Dont choose someone who is a poor writer. Letter writing is a lost art; not everyone is good at expressing themselves in the written word.Dont hesitate to get as many recommendation letters as possible. Choose the ones that show you in the best light.Dont be surprised if the person you are asking for a recommendation letter asks you to write a letter that they will later modify and sign. This is a common practice.Dont forget to say please and thank you. No one is entitled to a letter of recommendation; if you receive one, you should be grateful.

Tentative and Tenterhooks

Tentative and Tenterhooks Tentative and Tenterhooks Tentative and Tenterhooks By Maeve Maddox The other day I listened to a radio interview in which the subject continually pronounced the word tentative without one of its ts. Tentative has three ts: ten-ta-tive (not ten-a-tive). Another t word that often has its medial t messed with is tenterhook. Its an old word derived from cloth-making, but it remains current in the expression to be on tenterhooks, i.e., to be in a state of painful suspense. Ive heard people say tenderhooks. Tentative derives from Latin tentatus, a form of the verb tentare, to feel, to try. Its another form of temptare, to feel, to try, to test. which gives us the English word temptation. A tenter was a wooden framework for stretching cloth. It derives from Latin tentus, stretched. A tenter hook held the cloth on the tenter. Some will argue that these pronunciations are merely differences of region or dialect. Whatever the cause, pronouncing them that way leads to misspelling them and misspelled words damage the writers credibility. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsStory Writing 10110 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

Robot Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Robot Engineering - Essay Example In the past, they were known to be dreams in the field of science, but nowadays it is easy to find them in organizations and homes. They are used as inspiring tools for students and are commonly used for learning purposes (The HINTS Lab 2013). The main reasons they are used as learning tools is because their components are easily available and applicable in many disciplines due to the characteristics of their design. Also, their use is well known, and they are not strange to humans. However, robots will help us in our lives but it will not replace the human being. As a form of entertainment in the school of engineering, students are given a problem to solve as a form of competition. The winners are rewarded handsomely, and this motivates them in their creativity and innovation. Since there are many solutions to every problem, it is this trouble solving that has improved the living standards from living in caves to exploring the universe. Robot competition has improved the school of e ngineering, science, and technology since it is fun to the student and they enjoy it. It is their innovations in a competition that have attracted other investors to come up with other machines and equipment used in the production. In the current world, most developed countries are using computers in almost all institutions. In schools, e-learning is used where the lecturer teaches by the use of computer network; hence, there is no need for physical appearance. In the case of exams, students use computers and submit their assignments by the use of the Internet. This has simply reduced paperwork, transportation cost and other related costs in the teaching field. In the developing countries, technology has not yet been fully employed in many areas like education, industry, and medicine. This is because the cost of implementation is high, and the majority of the citizens are not conversant with it. In order to come up with robot engineering, learning institutions found that the normal teaching and textbooks are not giving the solutions to the problems. Many textbooks stress on calculation methods and theories and explain little on the physical things that are described by the theories. Issues like the best process for designing a particular machine, how the items are made, and how they perform certain tasks are not solved (The HINTS Lab 2013). Robots are of different kinds according to the task they perform. For example, there are those which look like human beings in their physical form. There are those which are moveable and those which can sense information from their surroundings. Historically, in the industrial sector, the growth of robot gadgets is a merge of two things: watchmaking and innovation in manufacturing apparatus. As early as 400-350 B.C, a Greek man, Tarentum, made a wooden sculpture of a pigeon which was triggered by a steam jet. Many other innovations like the iron man, magic fountain, frying iron eagle among others have been invented.

Manage people performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Manage people performance - Essay Example As the organization is already highly differentiated in terms of market segmentation the overarching company goals are expanding these market elements into larger markets, as well as creating more value for members. Still, within this context of understanding there are specific company goals that further articulate the organization’s strategic initiatives. In these regards, the first company goal has been indicated to be, â€Å"To deliver our core products and services to a standard and quality which meets or exceeds members’ expectations† (‘Racq’). In these regards, the company recognizes that while they achieved significant success, it’s necessary to continue to develop and create customer value in as effective and efficient way as possible. In ensuring that customer expectations are met and exceeded the organization can retain current customers and expand into new markets. A second primary company goal is to develop means of increasing the value of membership in a mutual gains approach for company and customer. While this may seem counter-intuitive, the company understands that in developing greater efficiency measures, strengthened partnerships, and greater strategy, membership can be both expanded as a means of offering greater value to the customer and still retaining an increased profit share. The final company goal is to develop new and sustainable income streams that function within the company’s brand and vision. Since it’s beginnings the Royal Automobile Club of Queensland has been highly successful in not simply gaining members, but also in expanding the membership benefits and sources of revenue. One considers that the company does not simply provide roadside assistance, but also gains revenue from car and automobile insurance. The company then desires to expand into even further markets as a means of gaining profit and developing the organization. There are a number of critical success factors for the

How do fitness center customers percieve service quality of the Essay

How do fitness center customers percieve service quality of the fitness center - Essay Example Health care costs will reduce because of the decreased medical checkup indemnity bounties, contracted Habitual absence from work, decreased employee turnover rates, decreased employee 's recompense arrogates, decreased timing, less retentive hospital stays, etc. The condition of America's health care issues, matched with present time statistic characterizing human population alterations, endanger to not only exasperate the situation, but promote excessive worker productiveness as well. These environmental components copulated with the local private-enterprise position indicate a well-disposed chance in this market. Fitness for All is getting into their first year of business sector. The business organization framework has been well experienced and commercializing is particularly crucial to hold emergence and market place perception. Along with the offering up of physical fitness particular service Fitness for All's primary activeness is the creation and carrying out of health plans. Fitness for All allows for health schemes and program plans to business enterprise in the business district of United States. A health schemes is a long-run attempt, aggregating both health- advancement and exercise- concerned actions and designs planned to alleviate convinced life style alterations in extremities of a company's force of workers available. Fitness for All will figure out with a company's senior charge of running a business to help it come up with a mission statement for its health plans. The customer company's workers will be passedthrough health-risk psychoanalysis, following which each worker will be given the chance to meet with a health professional person to plan a individualized health plan. Finally, Fitness for All will supply workers build up accounts to senior management with which to carry through the inducement plan and broadly speaking keep an eye modifications on changes in the conduct of its manpower. Potential Customers B. Need for the study Fitness for All is allowing for their customers with a health care price management plan for workers that will increase workers productiveness and diminish overall business concern costs. Fitness for All looks for to carry out the following welfares that are significant to their clients: Specifications - Fitness for All will make available a completely custom-made method for each institution as well as each worker within the organization. Comfort station - Customers will not use the facility if it is not commodious. Fitness for All distinguishes this and strains to make their facilities as commodious as

Evaluating Human Resource Planning At Shandrani Hotel

Evaluating Human Resource Planning At Shandrani Hotel For any business to perform well, it must acquire and optimize the deployment of people with talent. Identifying the right talent to fill particular positions and roles is critical to an organizations effective functioning. All, too often, though, businesses fail to devote sufficient attention to this issue. Organizations and jobs will never be the same eternally. Changes are based on the global economy, on changing technology, on our changing work force, on cultural and demographic changes, and on the changing nature of work itself. We need to learn new skills and develop new abilities, to respond to these changes in our lives, our careers, and our organizations. HR planning is a decision making process that combines three important activities which are: identifying and acquiring the right number of people with the proper skills, motivating them to achieve high performance and creating interactive links between business objectives and people planning activities. The purpose of this assignment is to document on the human resource planning at Shandrani Hotel as HR planning is based on the belief that people are an organizations most important strategic resource. We will try to show how far theory can be put into practice as it is difficult to predict the future and also the policies and strategies within the organization can shift suddenly from one priority to the other. Moreover there is lack of evidence that Human Resource Planning really works as there has been little research evidence of increased use or of its success. To assess future requirement of new staff both in terms of numbers and of levels of skills and competences, formulating and implementing plans to meet those requirements through proper recruitment and training. Due to huge competition and globalisation around the world, managers have, to train and develop their employees to make them more efficient in the workplace. Human resource planning refers to the process of employing the right person for the right job. In all industry, organisation have now realised the importance of human resource planning, and all organisation may have different approach to HRP, however, this assignment lays focus in one particular sector, that is the tourism sector. Tourism sector which is labour intensive compared to other industries, for instance, sugar industry which is machine intensive. Therefore the application of human resource planning shall differ and be applied according to the need of the organisation. Chapter 1 gives an idea about what is the position of tourism in Mauritius, we can therefore deduce from past figures that tourism industry is growing, thus very profitable for Mauritian economy Chapter 2 defines the Human Resource planning since its year of introduction to its actual use in the market. We have compiled the views of various theorists on HRP. Chapter 3 shows the procedures followed to gather information for the assignment, with particular reference to Shandrani Resort and Spa. Chapter 4 gives an overview about Beachcomber group and presents Shandrani Resorts and Spa. Chapter 5 will focus on the process of Human Resource Planning at Shandrani Resort and Spa. CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF TOURISM SECTOR IN MAURITIUS The tourism sector, besides facing cut-throat competition knew an excellent performance for the first semester of 2010. Figures from the Central Statistical Office (CSO) of Mauritius has revealed that tourists arrivals for the period January-June 2010, has attained its 439,150 compared to 413,504 in the corresponding year of 2009, thus representing an increase of 6.2%. The tourism industry is of such paramount importance for the Mauritian economy, that the figures indicating the importance for the Mauritian economy towards GDP is expected to rise from 26.5% (MUR 77.8bn) to 32.4% (MUR216.4bn) in 2010. The credits of the massive increases go to a combination of factors, such as aggressive advertising campaigns abroad, the opening up of air access to the country coupled with the increased capacity of airlines already serving the route and the greater consensus amongst all the industry stakeholders. At the end of June 2010, there were 104 registered hotels in Mauritius, with a total room capacity of 11,362 and 23,168 bed places. For the first semester of 2010, the room occupancy rate for all hotels averaged to 64% compared to 59% in the corresponding semester of 2009 while the bed occupancy rate was 56% against 52%. Data from Bank of Mauritius indicates that gross tourism receipts for the first semester of 2010 were MUR 19,869m that is an increase of 8.5% compared to MUR18.249m for the same period of 2009. Based on data available on tourist arrivals for the first six months of the year 2010 and information gathered from various stakeholders, the Central Statistical Office (CSO) and the Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority (MTPA) forecast of receiving nearly 1 million tourists this year, representing 5% year on year. According to Bank of Mauritius, tourism receipts for this year will be around MUR 935 millions, representing an increase of 6.3% over last year figures. Moreover, in order to tap the hospitality industry in Mauritius, major Indian hotel chains are aggressively setting up hotels in the country. According to Vijaye Haulder, Deputy Director, Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority (MTPA), about 5 major hospitality chains in India are in talks with the Mauritian government for getting land to build hotels. All these hotels are expected to add about 1500 rooms in the next three-four years. The Sagar Hotel Group which is already running two luxury hotels in Mauritius is planning another hotel spread over 20 acres in the country. The tourism industry is a colossal pillar for the Mauritian economy because we have a lot to give, sell and share with the world. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introducing HRP Organizations are presently operating in a rapidly changing and competitive environment. Managers have to optimize the use of the available employees in order to be competitive. HRP therefore attempts to reconcile organisations needs for resources with available supply of labour. HRP therefore results in matching people to the job, that is, the right people doing the right thing. HRP needs to be adjusted from time to time because the goals and objectives of an organization are not stable due to various uncertainties. 2.1 Defining HRP Walker (1980) defines it as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a management process of analyzing an organisations human resource needs under changing conditions and developing the activities necessary to satisfy these needs. Similarly, Vetter (1967), Burrack and Mathys (1985) define it as a process aimed at assisting management to determine how the organization should move from its current staffing position to its desired position. Nel et al (2008:216) maintains that HR planning ensures that a predetermined amount of employees with appropriate skills, knowledge and abilities are available at a specified time in the future à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Hr planning therefore systematically identifies what is needed to be able to guarantee their availability. As defined by Bulla and Scott (1994), it is the process for ensuring that the human resource requirements of an organization are identified and plans are made for satisfying those requirements. From the definitions of Human Resource planning proposed by the various researchers and practitioners, it is possible to attempt to define what HRP is in todays circumstances. It is in our terms a management process designed to translate strategic objectives into targeted quantitative and qualitative skill requirements, to identify the human resource strategies and objectives necessary to fulfill these requirements over both the shorter and the longer terms, As Quinn Mills indicates, human resource planning is a decision-making process that combines three important activities: 1) Identifying and acquiring the right number of people with the proper skills, 2) Motivating them to achieve high performance, and 3) Creating interactive links between business objectives and people-planning activities. However, it must be recognized that although the notion of human resource planning is well established in the HRM vocabulary it does not seem to be established as a key HR activity. As Rothwell (1995) suggests: Apart from isolated examples, there has been little research evidence of increased use or of its success. She explains the gap between theory and practice as arising from: The impact of change and the difficulty of predicting the future the need for planning may be the inverse proportion of its feasibility; The shifting kaleidoscope of policy priorities and strategies within organizations; The distrust displayed by many managers of theory or planning- they often prefer pragmatic adaptation to conceptualization; The lack of evidence that human resource planning really works.and to provide necessary feedback mechanism to assess progress. Overall the purpose of the planning is to invoke an institutional learning process and to generate information which can be utilized to support management decision-making in all staffing areas. 2.2 The process of Human Resource Planning (HRP) Organizations engage in the process of HRP to identify HR needs and the ways of meeting those needs. Business strategic plan; Defining future activity levels and initiatives demanding new skills. Resourcing strategy; Contributes to the formulation and implementation of business strategies. It refers to planning in order to achieve competitive advantage by developing intellectual capital employing more people than rivals; these people will have a wider and deeper range of skills and behave in ways that maximize their contribution-The organisation attracts such people by being an employer of choice. Scenario planning; assessing in broad terms where the organisation is going in its environment and the implications for human resource requirement. Scenario planning has been fairly described as a formal process but it can also be regarded as an informal approach to thinking about the future in broad terms, based upon an analysis of likely changes in the external and internal environment.(Armstrong 2001) The next stage in the process involves predicting how the need for and the availability of Human resource is likely to change in the future. Demand forecasting; estimating the future quantity and quality of people required. The ideal basis of the forecast is an annual budget and longer term business plan, translated into activity levels for each function and department or decisions on downsizing. Various demand forecasting methods are available and they will be analyzed below: managerial or expert judgment This is the most common method and it simply requires management to sit down and estimate the human resources necessary to achieve corporate goals. ratio-trend analysis It is carried out by identifying past trends, using statistical and mathematical techniques and project these into the future to determine requirements. work-study techniques This is effective when individual components of jobs can be measured. This job is broken down into discrete tasks, measure the time taken to complete each component and calculating the amount of labour required. modeling Mathematical modeling techniques using computers help to prepare demand forecast. Supply forecasting; measuring the number of people likely to be available from within and outside the organization having allowed for absenteeism, internal movements, and promotions among others. The forecast will be based on: 1) An analysis of the existing human resources in terms of skills, occupations 2) Forecast losses to existing resources through attrition/labour wastage. 3) Forecast changes to existing resources through internal promotions 4) Effects of changing condition of work and absenteeism 5) Source of supply from within the organization 6) Source of supply from outside the organization in national and local labour market Analysing internal human resources The review of current resources needs to cut organizational and occupational boundaries to provide inventories of skills and potential. It may be important 1) To know how many people with potential promotion exist and where they can be found 2) To know how many people have special skills and abilities in the organization 3) To identify the problems that may arise from retirement In fact the above can help to ensure that the organization is making the most efficient use of its existing resources and can help to identify any potential problem areas. Analysing external supply External supply of potential employees needs to be indentifies- some factors which can have important impacts on the supply of manpower at local and national market are: Population densities within reach of company The attractiveness of the company as a place to work in The effect of changing educational patterns, students staying longer in schools Analysing demand and supply forecasts The demand and supply forecast can then be analyzed to determine whether there are any deficits or surpluses in human resource. This provides the basis for recruitment, retention and if unavoidable, downsizing plans. It refers to the analysis of the number of people leaving the organisation. It provides data for use in supply forecasting, so that calculations can be made on the number of people lost who may have to be replaced. Moreover, an analysis of the number of leavers and the reasons behind their leaving the company will indicate whether actions are needed to improve retention rates. The most common method of measuring labour turnover is expressed as follows: Number of leavers in a specific period x 100 Average number of employees during same period This measure is used most effectively on a comparative basis and frequently provides the basis for internal and external benchmarking. Investigations into reasons for turnover are undertaken via exit interviews and leaver questionnaires or even through attitude surveys. Reasons for leaving are: More pay Better career prospects More security Poor relationships with manager or team leader Bullying, harassment Labour turnover can be very costly since it represents an opportunity cost of time spent by HR and Line Manager in recruitment, loss arising from reduce input from new starters until they are fully-trained, direct costs of introducing induction course. Work-environment analysis It refers to the analysis of the environment in which the people work in terms of scope it provides for them to use and develop their skills and achieve satisfaction. Operational effectiveness analysis Analysing productivity, the utilisation of people and the scope for increasing flexibility to respond to new and changing demand. Human Resource Plans The HR plans are derived from the resourcing strategy and takes into account data from a combination of scenario planning, demand and supply and forecasting and labour turnover analysis. Again there is a lack of certainty and predictability. The plans often have to be short term and flexible because of the difficulty of making firm predictions about HR requirement in times of rapid change. (Armstrong 2001: 375) Plans need to be prepared in the areas of resourcing, flexibility, retention, downsizing and productivity Resource planning This is primarily concerned with preparing plans for finding people from within the organisation, recruiting externally and attracting high quality candidates as the employer choice Internal resourcing is the first step to analyse the availability of suitable people from within the organisation, by referring t assessments of potential and a skill database- decisions can be made to promote, redeploy and provide extra training to eligible staffs. The recruitment plan would include the number and type of employees required to make up any deficits and when they are needed. The likely sources of recruits are colleges, advertising. Plan for trapping alternative sources such as part timers How recruitment programme will be conducted Employer of choice plan Recruitment plans should include plan for attracting good candidates by ensuring that the organization will become an employer of choice. Initiatives to become an employer of choice might include Providing opportunities for development and career progression Addressing work life balance issue Better remuneration packages Retention Plan Man Fred De Vries (cited in Williams 2000:28) stated that todays high performers are like frogs in a wheelbarrow: they can jump anytime Various organizations recognize this and are turning their attention to key staff. Retention measures can include the following: Pay and benefit competitive rates of pay, flexible benefits Recruitment and selection set appropriate standards, match people to posts, provide an accurate picture of the job Training and development good induction processes, provision of development opportunities to meet the needs of the individual and the organizations. Job design, provision of interesting work as much autonomy and ream working as possible. Management ensures that managers and supervisors have the skills to manage efficiently. Flexibility Plan Planning for increased flexibility in the use of Human Resource to enable the organization to make the best of its people and adapt swiftly to changing circumstances. Armstrong suggests that the aim of the flexibility plan should be to Provide for greater operational flexibility Improve the utilization of employees skills and capabilities Reduce employment costs Help to achieve downsizing smoothly and avoid the need for compulsory redundancies Increase productivity Thus strategies like job sharing, home working, tele working, subcontracting and employing part time workers should be implemented. Productivity Plan It sets out programmes for improving productivity and reducing employment costs in such areas as: Improving methods, systems and processes Mechanization, automation and computerization The use of financial and non financial incentives Downsizing plan The downsizing plan is implemented as last resort if all else fails It may be necessary to deal with unacceptable employment costs/surplus number of employees by downsizing. The downsizing plan should be based on timing of reductions and the process itself. The plan should set out the following: The number of people who have to go and when and where this need to take place A forecast of the likely numbers who will be volunteer to leave Arrangement for informing and consulting with employees and their trade unions 2.3 Aims of HRP Planning of human resource is extremely important as it enables the optimum use of the most valuable asset of an organization in the attainment of its objectives and goals. To find gaps and devise solutions. As we say, nobody plans to fail; they just fail to plan. To attract and retain the number of people with the appropriate skills, expertise and competencies To anticipate the problems of potential surplus and deficits of people To develop a well trained and flexible workforce, thus contributing to the organizations ability to adapt to an uncertain and changing environment To reduce dependence on external recruitment when key skills are in short supply by formulating retention as well as employee development strategies. 2.4 Factors affecting HRP Employment HRP is affected by the employment situation in the country i.e. in countries where there is greater unemployment; there may be more pressure on the company, from government to appoint more people. Similarly some company may force shortage of skilled labour and they may have to appoint people from other countries. Technical changes in the society Technology changes at a very fast speed and new people having the required knowledge are required for the company. In some cases, company may retain existing employees and teach them the new technology and in some cases, the company has to remove existing people and appoint new. Organizational changes Changes take place within the organization from time to time i.e. the company diversify into new products or close down business in some areas etc. in such cases the HRP process i.e. appointing or removing people will change according to situation. Demographic changes Demographic changes refer to things referring to age, population, composition of work force etc. A number of people retire every year. A new batch of graduates with specialization turns out every year. This can change the appointment or the removal in the company. Shortage of skill due to labour turnover Industries having high labour turnover rate, the HRP will change constantly i.e. many new appointments will take place. This also affects the way HRP is implemented. Multicultural workforce Workers from different countries travel to other countries in search of job. When a company plans its HRP it needs to take into account this factor also. Pressure groups Company has to keep in mind certain pleasure. Groups like human rights activist, woman activist, media etc. as they are very capable for creating problems for the company, when issues concerning these groups arise, appointment or 2.5 Human resource activities Human Resource (HR) planning is imperative to an organizations success. It serves as an analysis of the current and future needs of the organization. This process helps guide an organization in several areas, such as staffing, development, training, and benefits and compensation designs. Staffing Staff, or personnel, planning is one of the most common activities conducted by HR departments, according to an article on AllBusiness.com. It typically is comprised of using the current staff size and design to predict staffing levels for the upcoming year. HR departments may utilize a companys strategic plan as a resource for information. For example, if an organization intends to launch a new interactive website in the following year, the HR department will budget for additional staff to build and maintain the website. Training and Development HR departments create training and employee development plans as well. This type of planning must be conducted in advance of the companys needs in order to prepare for them, both from financial and resource perspectives. Training for new employees and product rollouts may be included. Teaching current employees new skills is considered an aspect of development. Organizations benefit from having streamlined and consistent training programs Career Development Career development is imperative in order to prepare an organization for upcoming retirements, as well as to retain long-term employees. Companies need to have a strategic plan on how they intend to replace their management with qualified leaders. This means that current employees should have career road maps and plans that incorporate both short-term and long-term goals. For example, if an organization is grooming a top, young salesperson for the management track in five years, training should begin now. This may include time management courses, classes on how to coach others and a mentor program. Downsizings When companies foresee an upcoming need to downsize, its in their best interest to have their HR departments plan for it in advance to ensure that the process is smooth and orderly, and complies with all legal requirements. This type of planning also may prevent loss of knowledge and resources. Some companies begin the downsizing process by eliminating non-essential personnel. Others lay off administrative staff, but keep money-generating positions. Organizations may be hit by lawsuits and high unemployment costs if downsizing is not strategically planned. 2.6 Advantages and disadvantages of HRP HRP, in both its traditional and more contemporary forms, can be perceived to have a number of distinct advantages. Firstly, it is argued that planning can help to reduce uncertainty as long as plans are adaptable. Although unpredictable events do occur, the majority of organizational change does not happen overnight so the planning process can provide an element of control, even if it is relatively short term. Taylor (2002 : 73-74) suggests that in the HR field there is potentially more scope for change and adaptation in six months than there is in relation to capital investment in new plant and machinery. Thus he argues that many of the assumptions about the difficulties of planning generally are less relevant to HR. Other advantages relate to the contribution of planning to organizational performance, for ex, the planning process can make a significant contribution to the integration of HR policies and practices with each other and with the business strategy, i.e. horizontal and vertical integration. Marchington and Wilkinson (2002: 280) suggest that HR plans can be developed to fit with strategic goals or they can contribute to the development of the business strategy, but conclude that either way, HRP is perceived as a major facilitator of competitive advantage. Another way that HRP can contribute is by helping to build flexibility into the organization, either through the use of more flexible forms of work or through identification of the skills and qualities required in employees. IRS (2002c) report that a number of organizations have predicted that jobs are likely to change radically over the next few years and so are using selection techniques to assess core values rather than job-specific skills. 2.7 Difficulties in implementing HRP Planners face significant barriers while formulating a Human Resource Planning. The major ones are the following: People question the importance of making human resource practices future oriented and the role assigned to the practitioners in formulation of the organisational strategies. Their argument is simple- there are people when needed offer attractive package of benefits to quit when you find them in surplus. HR practitioners are perceived as experts in handling personnel matter, but are not experts in managing business. The personnel plan conceived and formulated by the HR practitioners when enmeshed with organisational plan, might make the overall strategic plan itself defective. HR information often is incompatible with the information used in strategy formulation. Strategic planning efforts have long been oriented towards financial forecasting often to the exclusion of other types of information. Conflicting may exist between short-term and long-term HR needs. For example, there arises a conflict between the pressure of getting work done on time and the long term needs, such as preparing people assuming greater responsibilities. Many mangers are of the belief that HR needs can be met immediately because skills are available on the market as long as wages and salaries are competitive. These managers fail to recognise that by resorting to hiring or promoting depending on short term needs alone, long term issues are neglected. There is conflict between quantitative and qualitative approach to HRP. Some people view HRP as a number game designed to track flow of people across the departments. These people are strictly quantitative approach to planning. Others take a qualitative approach and focus on individual employee concerns such as promotability and career development. Best results are accrued if there is a balance between the qualitative and quantitative approaches. Non involvement of operating managers renders HRP ineffective. HRP is not strictly an HR department function. Successful planning needs a coordinated effort on the part of operating managers and HR personnel. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY This chapter examines the methodology used to carry out the research survey so as to collect data for the topic under consideration that is the process of Human Resource Planning with particular reference to Shandrani Resorts and Spa, member of the Beachcomber Hotels. It involves the examination of the whole research process from beginning to end. 3.1 Problem definition A problem well defined is half-solved.Kotter. Human resource planning is assumed to consist of 4 clear steps: 1)forecasting future needs, 2)analyzing the availability and supply of labour, 3)drawing up plans to meet supply to demand, 4) monitoring the implementation of the plan. The main issue of this assignment is to analyse the process of human resource planning and the focus of the research is on the hotel industry. 3.2 Research objectives The survey was most specifically carried out at Shandrani Resort and Spa and its objective is To assess future people requirements both in terms of numbers and level of skills and competences, formulating and implementing plans to meet those requirements in terms of recruitment and training. 3.3 Research design For the purpose of this assignment, the most appropriate strategies used were exploratory and descriptive as the research is analysing the process of HRP. On a first instance, an exploratory research was made to reach a better understanding of the research of the research problem. It took the form of an in-depth interview with professionals working at Shandrani, and for the Beachcomber hotels as well. The in-depth interview took the form of a question list with open-ended questions. 3.4 Data collection methods Secondary data Secondary data were collected from books, journals, articles, and appropriate websites. Information about the hotel has been collected from Shandrani Resorts and Spa documents, namely the Beachcomber group manual and Shandranis Livret Daccueil. Primary data An interview was carried out with top management to gather primary data. A questionnaire was therefore designed for this purpose. (See Appendix) Other primary researches Interview with the Director of Shandrani . Face to face interview with Director of Human Resource. Interview with Director of Beachcomber Training Academy for 3 hours. Interview with the Quality assurance manager. Int

Jonah Lamu :: Art

Jonah Lamu His favourite show is the Simpson’s. He's the most intimidating player for rugby's most intimidating team. He is Jonah Lomu of the mighty New Zealand All Blacks. He's 6'5, 250 pounds and can run the 100 meter dash in 10.8 seconds. Combine that with his amazing ball skills and his mind-boggling ability to break tackles and you have the world's greatest rugby player - hands down. Jonah was born in Auckland, New Zealand on May 12, 1975. He began playing rugby during school and quickly became known for his speed and strength. When he moved on to high school he played forward and was his team's top scorer. At 19, he became the youngest player to ever put on an All-Blacks uniform when he suited up for New Zealand in a game against France. Jonah's career took off from there. At the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa, Jonah was named player of the tournament as he led the All Blacks to the World Cup. In the semi-finals, Jonah was a one man wrecking crew - scoring four tries against England. Jonah had made a name for himself as the world's best rugby player. His success at the World cups also made Jonah a very rich guy. He was offered serious money to play rugby in England and was even asked to play football in the NFL. Jonah turned those offers down to keep playing the sport in New Zealand. But the big giant's career took a turn for the worst in 1996. Doctors told him he had a rare and serious kidney disorder. Jonah had to take nearly a full year off from the game. He wasn't able to play rugby because of the drugs he was taking to fight the illness. Jonah smashing Australia By 1998, Jonah was back with the All Blacks and wrecking havoc on the opposition. His team was defeated in the semi-finals of the 1999 World Cup but Jonah still showed the world he was the best player around. He's now focusing his efforts on preparing for the 2003 World Cup of Rugby, which will be held in New Zealand and Australia. Jonah's Jamming' Jonah has New Zealand's loudest car stereo. His Nissan Patrol pumps out his favorite tunes like Janet Jackson and Naughty By Nature at nearly 160 decibels. Jonah Lamu :: Art Jonah Lamu His favourite show is the Simpson’s. He's the most intimidating player for rugby's most intimidating team. He is Jonah Lomu of the mighty New Zealand All Blacks. He's 6'5, 250 pounds and can run the 100 meter dash in 10.8 seconds. Combine that with his amazing ball skills and his mind-boggling ability to break tackles and you have the world's greatest rugby player - hands down. Jonah was born in Auckland, New Zealand on May 12, 1975. He began playing rugby during school and quickly became known for his speed and strength. When he moved on to high school he played forward and was his team's top scorer. At 19, he became the youngest player to ever put on an All-Blacks uniform when he suited up for New Zealand in a game against France. Jonah's career took off from there. At the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa, Jonah was named player of the tournament as he led the All Blacks to the World Cup. In the semi-finals, Jonah was a one man wrecking crew - scoring four tries against England. Jonah had made a name for himself as the world's best rugby player. His success at the World cups also made Jonah a very rich guy. He was offered serious money to play rugby in England and was even asked to play football in the NFL. Jonah turned those offers down to keep playing the sport in New Zealand. But the big giant's career took a turn for the worst in 1996. Doctors told him he had a rare and serious kidney disorder. Jonah had to take nearly a full year off from the game. He wasn't able to play rugby because of the drugs he was taking to fight the illness. Jonah smashing Australia By 1998, Jonah was back with the All Blacks and wrecking havoc on the opposition. His team was defeated in the semi-finals of the 1999 World Cup but Jonah still showed the world he was the best player around. He's now focusing his efforts on preparing for the 2003 World Cup of Rugby, which will be held in New Zealand and Australia. Jonah's Jamming' Jonah has New Zealand's loudest car stereo. His Nissan Patrol pumps out his favorite tunes like Janet Jackson and Naughty By Nature at nearly 160 decibels.